Published on
December 7, 2020
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
June 16, 2022.
To cite a PowerPoint or other slide-based presentation in MLA style, the format depends on how you viewed the presentation.
If the slides are available to view online, the format is similar to that for a website: provide the author and title of the presentation, the name of the site in italics, the date it was posted, and the URL.
Use a slide number to indicate the location of the relevant information in in-text citations.
MLA format |
Author last name, First name. “Presentation Title.” Website Name, Day Month Year, URL. |
MLA Works Cited entry |
Vanderbauwhede, Wim. “A Few Thoughts on Work-Life Balance.” SlideShare, 24 Jan. 2020, www.slideshare.net/WimVanderbauwhede/a-few-thoughts-on-work-lifebalance. |
MLA in-text citation |
(Vanderbauwhede, slide 4) |
Continue reading: How to cite a PowerPoint in MLA
Published on
December 7, 2020
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
December 27, 2023.
To cite a TED Talk in APA Style, the format differs slightly depending on whether you viewed it on TED’s website or on YouTube.
To cite a TED Talk from the TED site, list the speaker as author, give the date listed on the site, include “Video” in square brackets after the title, list the publisher as “TED Conferences,” and give the URL.
You can cite a TED Talk easily by using our free APA Citation Generator.
APA format |
Speaker last name, Initials. (Year, Month). Talk title [Video]. TED Conferences. URL |
APA reference entry |
Sivaram, V. (2020, October). India’s historic opportunity to industrialize using clean energy [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/varun_sivaram_india_s_historic_opportunity_to_industrialize_using_clean_energy |
APA in-text citation |
(Sivaram, 2020) |
Continue reading: How to cite a TED Talk in APA Style
Published on
December 3, 2020
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
June 16, 2022.
The format for citing a song in MLA depends on the medium in which you listened to it.
To cite a song accessed through an online streaming service, list the performer (or group) as author, the song title in quotation marks, the name of the site in italics, and the URL where the song can be found. Omit “the” from a band name, e.g. “Beatles,” not “the Beatles.”
If relevant, use a timestamp to indicate a specific part of the song in the in-text citation.
MLA format |
Performer last name, First name. “Song Title.” Website Name. URL. |
MLA Works Cited entry |
Dylan, Bob. “Blowin’ in the Wind.” Spotify. open.spotify.com/track/18GiV1BaXzPVYpp9rmOg0E. |
MLA in-text citation |
(Dylan 1:14) |
Continue reading: How to cite a song in MLA
Published on
November 20, 2020
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
June 16, 2022.
The format in which you cite an image in MLA style depends on where you viewed the image. Images are often found by searching online; in this case, you’ll cite the website where the image is hosted, in the following format.
MLA format |
Creator last name, First name. “Image Title.” or Description of image. Website Name, Day Month Year, URL. |
MLA Works Cited entry |
Quinn, Pete. “European Grey Wolf Portrait.” Flickr, 21 Dec. 2019, flic.kr/p/2k6vq7V. |
MLA in-text citation |
(Quinn) |
Note that if you find an image using a search engine like Google, you should cite and link to the site hosting the image, not the search engine.
Continue reading: How to cite an image in MLA
Published on
November 12, 2020
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
December 27, 2023.
To cite an online encyclopedia entry in APA Style, start with the author of the entry (if listed), followed by the publication year, the entry title, the name of the editor, the encyclopedia name, the edition, the publisher, and the URL.
You can easily cite an encyclopedia entry by using our free APA Citation Generator.
APA format |
Author last name, Initials. (Year). Entry name. In Editor initials. Last name (Ed.), Encyclopedia name (Edition). Publisher. URL |
APA reference entry |
Wheeler, G. (2020). Bounded rationality. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2020 ed.). Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bounded-rationality/ |
APA in-text citation |
(Wheeler, 2020) |
Cite an encyclopedia (entry) in APA Style now:
Continue reading: How to cite an encyclopedia in APA Style
Published on
November 6, 2020
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
December 27, 2023.
To reference a PowerPoint presentation in APA Style, include the name of the author (whoever presented the PowerPoint), the date it was presented, the title (italicized), “PowerPoint slides” in square brackets, the name of the department and university, and the URL where the PowerPoint can be found.
You can also use our free APA Citation Generator to cite a PowerPoint presentation quickly and easily.
APA format |
Author name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). PowerPoint title [PowerPoint slides]. Department Name, University Name. URL |
APA reference entry |
Simonton, D. K. (2013). The mad-genius controversy [PowerPoint slides]. College of Education, University of Iowa. https://simonton.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/243/2015/08/IowaDeltaMadGenius.pdf |
APA in-text citation |
(Simonton, 2013) |
If the PowerPoint is not accessible to your readers, cite it as a personal communication instead. Note that to cite a video of a presentation (e.g. a TED Talk) or a quotation from a speech, different formats are used.
Continue reading: How to cite a PowerPoint in APA Style
Published on
November 6, 2020
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
December 27, 2023.
A patent is a legal document acknowledging an invention as the intellectual property of its inventor. Though they fall under legal materials, references for patents follow standard APA Style, rather than the legal style used for things like court cases and laws.
To cite a patent in APA Style, list the name of the inventor, the year it was issued (in parentheses), the title of the patent (in italics), the patent number, the name of the issuing body, and the URL if available.
Our free APA Citation Generator can help you create accurate citations quickly and easily.
APA format |
Inventor name, Initials. (Year). Title of patent (Country/Region Patent No. Number). Issuing Body. URL |
APA reference list |
Ghatak, S. (2019). Immunization testing system (U.S. Patent No. 10,788,482). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://rb.gy/ik0fb0 |
APA in-text citation |
(Ghatak, 2019) |
Continue reading: How to cite a patent in APA Style
Published on
November 6, 2020
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
December 4, 2023.
The format for citing conference papers in APA Style depends on whether the paper has been published, and if so, in what format. Note that a separate format exists for citing dissertations. You can cite a conference paper easily by using our free APA Citation Generator.
To cite a paper that has been presented at a conference but not published, include the author’s name, the date of the conference, the title of the paper (italicized), “Paper presentation” in square brackets, the name and location of the conference, and a URL or DOI if available.
APA format |
Author name, Initials. (Year, Month Day–Day). Paper title [Paper presentation]. Conference Name, City, State, Country. URL |
APA reference list |
Jang, S. (2019, August 8–11). Deconstructing the opposition of natural/arbitrary in Coleridge’s theory of language [Paper presentation]. NASSR 2019: Romantic Elements, Chicago, IL, United States. |
APA in-text citation |
(Jang, 2019) |
Cite a conference paper in APA Style now:
Continue reading: How to cite a conference paper in APA Style
Published on
November 6, 2020
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
December 1, 2023.
Reports may be published by governments, task groups, or other organizations. To reference a report with an individual author, include the author’s name and initials, the report title (italicized), the report number, the organization that published it, and the URL (if accessed online, e.g. as a PDF).
APA format |
Author last name, Initials. (Year). Report title: Subtitle (Report No. number). Publisher name. URL |
APA reference entry |
Bedford, D. A. D. (2017). Enterprise information architecture: An overview (Report No. WA-RD 896.4). Washington State Department of Transportation. https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/896-4.pdf |
APA in-text citation |
(Bedford, 2017, p. 12) |
Note that brochures are cited in a similar format. You can easily create accurate APA citations using our free Citation Generator.
Generate APA citations
Continue reading: How to cite a report in APA Style
Published on
November 6, 2020
by
Jack Caulfield.
Revised on
December 27, 2023.
In APA Style, published interviews are cited in a different format from interviews you conducted yourself.
An interview you conducted yourself that can’t be accessed by the reader should not be included in the reference list. Instead, it’s cited as a personal communication in the text.
To cite a published interview, follow the standard format for the source type it was published in (e.g., book, newspaper). You can do this quickly and easily using our free APA Citation Generator.
Continue reading: How to cite an interview in APA Style